Clues from Career Buzz guests on the gamification of work: Be “T shaped” and talk about your breadth

Posted by: Mark Franklin on February 4, 2014 10:00 am

Phaedra Boinodiris spends her days identifying “what is it about games that makes them compelling, and what game designs and techniques can be used in business to help people solve complex problems and collaborate better.” Using games, she’s a “motivational designer” for IBM’s clients.

Both Phaedra and Chuck Hamilton of IBM focus on the gamification of work (Career Buzz, Jan. 8, 2014) and they love their jobs — but how did they get those great jobs?

Phaedra told an inspiring story of presenting at a case competition during her MBA, where she came up with a game solution to a business problem presented by an IBM rep. Immediately after the presentation, an IBM VP pulled her aside and said, “I want to green light this game idea right now. Can you make this for  me in three months?” That’s the moment her IBM career began. The resulting Innov8 game has been played by over 1000 business schools.

Chuck aced an interaction with an IBMer at a job fair which led to his job. How? He came prepared to talk to reps from companies he was interested in. So when the IBM rep asked what he wanted to do, Chuck said, “I’m really interested in expanding the way people learn and growing people through technology.” He then broadened his response, which led the IBM rep to take notice and make a referral that led to a job.

What are the clues that apply to you?  When you connect with people in your career, consider Chuck Hamilton’s idea that “breadth is what gives you value. Being able to expose that breadth is valuable.” Chuck said IBM seeks “T-shaped people” — metaphorically your outstretched arms are your breadth, and your height is your depth. “Breadth across multiple spaces is something you want to reveal to people.” Need help identifying and revealing your career depth? Check CareerCycles career programs. And, like Phaedra, if you’re in a post-secondary program, get involved in case competitions that get you in front of  industry people!

Listen to the whole interview! Career Buzz, Jan. 8, 2014. Guest bios below.

Click to Listen or Download

Chuck Hamilton is IBM’s Global Mentoring Program Leader as well as a Social Learning and Smart Play Program Leader. His work focuses on the intersections of People, Innovation and Technology with an emphasis on organizational effectiveness. Articles about Chuck’s work have appeared in Fast Company, Wall Street Journal, Canadian Business and the Globe & Mail, and he recently gave his first TED talk. Chuck is based in Vancouver.

Phaedra Boinodiris  also at IBM is the Global, Serious Games and Gamification Program Manager. She establishes IBM’s serious games and gamification vision, strategy, and execution.    Phaedra has produced games for technical training, marketing, and extending brand reach. These games are now IBM’s top lead generating assets on the web. Plus, She’s one of the top 100 women in the gaming industry for her work founding WomenGamers.com  She speaks worldwide at conferences; and happily mentors entrepreneurs at her alma mater, the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill.




*The views expressed by our authors are personal opinions and do not necessarily reflect the views of the CCPA

Me, My Selfie and I

Posted by: Dawn Schell on February 3, 2014 9:57 am

The Oxford Dictionary announced that “selfie” was their International Word of the year for 2013.  In case you don’t know – a selfie is “a photograph one has taken of oneself, typically one taken with a smartphone or webcam and uploaded to a social media website”.[1]

Since that announcement I have been paying a whole lot more attention to the ever-increasing proliferation of these self-portraits.  There are days when my Facebook feed is full of them.  Funny, silly, gorgeous, questionable or just plain odd.  They show a moment in time — a moment that person has chosen to capture and share.  Which prompts the question “why”?

There has been a lot of discussion amongst my friends and colleagues about whether this rise in selfie portraiture indicates a rise in narcissism in our culture.  Most of them think it does.   Reading I have done as well leans toward the conclusion that selfies are a clear indicator our society is more self-absorbed than previously.  On the other hand students tell me selfies are more about self-esteem and confidence than narcissism.

It seemed to me it was worth further exploration.

Pamela Rutledge, in a Psychology Today article, says “Put aside your anxieties over rampant narcissism and the moral decline of the digital generation and exhale.” [2] She goes on to talk how selfies can be perceived to be “self-indulgent” or “attention-seeking” and why we, as a society might view them that way.  She also talks about how they can be used positively.  She suggests selfies “can enable a brief adventure into a different aspect of self or a relaxation of normal constraints.  Needless to say, there are some unfortunate uses of selfies.  But that doesn’t mean the act of taking a selfie is a bad thing.”  In another article by Rutledge she lists ideas for taking healthy selfies. [3]

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*The views expressed by our authors are personal opinions and do not necessarily reflect the views of the CCPA

Silver Lining Core Healing Group [SLCHG]: Defining Complex + The Project

Posted by: Linda AK Thompson on February 3, 2014 9:54 am

In the last article, I shared my professional wish and impetus to create MOT: Pilot Project: SLCHG utilizing collaborating team approaches [CTA] of care with clients diagnosed with C-PTSD and capable, able to self-directed their healing journeys with their selected core group of practitioners towards cure.  All project participants believed that the sharing of project news and progress was an important contribution to the understanding, treatment and healing knowledge of survivors enduring C-PTSD core wounds.

Before, I share project news and progress; I believe it is important to provide a brief historical psychological review of the word/meaning of  “complex” that Judith Herman proposed be placed in front of the established DSM 3 disorder – PTSD back in 1992 [2].

A complex is a ‘core pattern of many thoughts, emotions, memories, learning, behaviours, feelings, perceptions, wishes, triumphs, bitterness and determinations centering on one aspect of your life that is stored deeply in the unconscious and troubles you’ in accordance to Freudian and Jungian psychoanalysis: complex or depth psychology.  Contemporary 21st Century references to an array of affect laden, emotionally charged or state-dependent phenomena commonly used are: Cinderella, Electra, Father, God, Hero, Inferiority, Madonna-whore, Martyr, Oedipus, Napoleon, Superman and Superiority – complexes https://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex

SYMPTOM CATEGORIES + DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA FOR C-PTSD [3]: ALTERATIONS was the predominant verb utilized to identify the seven categories or diagnostic criteria set to diagnose C-PTSD during a structured interview [4]. The alterations are:
1. Regulation of Affect + Impulses issues noted by the existence of difficulty with affect regulation plus one of the following: modulation of anger, self-destructive, suicide preoccupation, difficulty modulating sexual involvement and excessive risk taking.
2. Attention or Consciousness issues noted by the existence of amnesia and/or transient dissociative episodes and depersonalization.
3. Self-Perception issues noted by two of the following:  ineffectiveness, permanent damage, guilt and responsibility, shame, nobody can understand and minimizing.
4. Perception of the Perpetrator this item is not required for diagnosis and includes:  adopting distorted beliefs, idealization of the perpetrator and preoccupation with hurting the perpetrator.
5. Relations with Others issues noted with one of the following:  inability to trust, re-victimization and victimizing others.
6. Somatization issues noted by two of the following: digestive system, chronic pain, cardiopulmonary, conversion or sexual symptoms.
7. System of Meaning issues noted by existence of despair and hopelessness or loss of previously sustaining beliefs.

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*The views expressed by our authors are personal opinions and do not necessarily reflect the views of the CCPA

What’s the Difference, Again?

Posted by: Jessy Alam on February 3, 2014 9:41 am

As counsellors and mental health practitioners we have been deeply immersed in the language and culture of our profession. So acquainted have we become with the common parlance of the healers, the creators of safe places, and challengers of intra-psychic defenses that we sometimes have to give excuses for the seeming clichés of our day to day talk. “How does that make you feel?”. It can be easy to forget how little the public is informed about what counselling, psychotherapy and even general mental health practices are, in essence. While there is increasing evidence of mental health awareness around us, you will find that many are unaware of essential mental health services available to them within their communities.

To most, the titles psychotherapist, psychologist and psychotherapist all blur into one another. “What’s the difference again?” Many tend to ask, and, to no fault of their own. All of these “psycho” prefixes somehow present a picture of reclining on a chair and exposing the innermost details of one’s existence only to finish by coughing up a wad of cash with no tangible indication of progress or improvement. And so we are met with some common resistance. “I’m not crazy” is born out of the cultural pressure to appear un-alien. “I don’t have that kind of money” leaves those who are in dire need stranded in dangerous territory if they are left without important resources. While both of these statements warrant a discourse of their own, for now I use them as examples of broad issues that can be addressed more effectively if we can make clear the roles of mental health professionals, educate the public about their options to mental health services and help these resources become as common as dialing 911 in the event of a fire. Continue reading




*The views expressed by our authors are personal opinions and do not necessarily reflect the views of the CCPA

Please Yell at Me

Posted by: Asa Don Brown on January 24, 2014 4:16 pm

“There should be no yelling in the home unless there is a fire.”
~ David O. McKay

Have you ever experienced yelling?  Have you ever had anyone request to yell at you?   Have you ever requested to yell at someone else?  Why is it acceptable or permissible to yell at someone?  Why is it acceptable for  parents, children, teachers, coaches, conductors or instructors to engage in such a hostile act?  Why do we consider yelling to be less demeaning or violating, than other forms of corporal punishment (e.g. spanking, switching, flogging, or caning)?  Do we consider the perceivable and tangible act of spanking, switching, flogging or caning to be of greater violation?  Or do we consider yelling to have less damming effect?

Many parents and professionals agree that corporal punishment has an egregious effect on those who endure it’s wrath.  Moreover, yelling is a more acceptable form of punishment.  No one comes into this world having a full repertoire, or perfect set, of parenting skills.  A person’s range of skills and abilities will increase with time and lessons on parenting.  As parents, we all have an ability to grow and spread our wings.  Every parent is capable of learning new and improved ways of parenting.  There are no absolutes when parenting a child, but there are absolutes when considering the various methods of discipline.

YELLING

Yelling has an ability of conditioning those who are receiving or engaging in the act.  It is the nature of yelling that makes it reflective of other forms of corporal punishment.  The intent of corporal punishment is to deliberately and severely correct, chastise, rebuke or reprimand another.  The complexity of yelling is its dichotomy of objectives.  Yelling can be used as a source of rebuke and  chastisement; it can be used as a source of expressing excitement, eagerness, and exuberance; and/or  it can be used to draw attention to a threat, risk, and/or communicate an emergency.   Let’s clarify, the yelling being addressed in this article has to do with the corrective form of discipline, punishment, or retribution.

While yelling has a positive element, yelling for the intention of discipline, chastising or mere punishment is a completely unacceptable act.

Have you ever been rebuked or punished for something you have done wrong?  Did the person use yelling as a source for correcting your behavior?  If so, how did you feel?  Did the yelling uplift your spirit, or cause you to feel dejected, humiliated and broken?  Yelling is the belittling of the soul and the very essence of the person.  Yelling is seldom a singular event.  People who choose to yell, frequently and repetitively use yelling as a form of conditioning another person.  The conditioning is being used in order to develop obedience or compliance of another.  Yelling in the corrective form is always unnecessary, excessive, and tiresome.

As a clinician, I have no reservations in saying, that yelling decays the human spirit.  It breaks the essence of the person receiving the vice, and it is unbecoming of the person enacting or engaging in the tantrum.  Yes, in most cases, yelling is a tantrum being propelled from one person and being received by another.   Yelling is one of the most reprehensible act of abuse.

Have you ever heard the following nursery rhyme?  “Sticks and stones may break my bones, but words will never hurt me.”

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*The views expressed by our authors are personal opinions and do not necessarily reflect the views of the CCPA

Increasing Marriage Success Through Education

Posted by: Hailing Huang on January 20, 2014 3:21 pm

The Future Trend: Combine Online Dating With Counselling Service

According to consumer rankings data (consumer-rankers.com), 17% of couples married in the last 3 years, met each other on an online dating site. 1 out of 5 single people have dated someone they met on a dating website. More than 20 million internet users visited the matchmaking sites in December of 2011. This number is going to increase in the next 20 years.

In 1998, with the release of the movie “You’ve Got Mail,” internet dating become an accepted cultural phenomena. Though the movie didn’t focus on internet dating, it did put meeting someone on the Web in a positive light. It showed that the Web can be used as a tool for bringing people together, whether through matchmaking sites, or traditional social networks. Finding a significant other online is no longer the unusual access as it once was; it is becoming increasingly common.

After 12 years of internet-transformed dating, we would like to know more about online dating. For example: Do we know who goes on dates with whom and how these dates turn out? What is the success rate of internet marriages? Are these couples living happily ever after, or are they more likely to meet with divorce lawyers?

Martine Zwilling from  the Forbes Insititute (2013) pointed out that the success rate of online dating  is a mere one percent. However, Science Resources (2005)  indicated that internet dating is much more successful than had been thought. An online survey was carried out by Dr Gavin and Dr. Scott by the University of Bath, says that of 229 people interviewed, 90% go on for the first date, of which 94% go on for the second date.

According the Canada’s statistic data: in 2011, 46.5% of the population, age 15 and over, were legally married, while 53.6% were unmarried (never married, divorced, separated, widowed). Compare within 1981, 60.9% of the population aged 15 and over was married, while 39.1% was unmarried. Within 30 years the marriage rate decreased about 14% and each year more than 70,000 people are divorced.

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*The views expressed by our authors are personal opinions and do not necessarily reflect the views of the CCPA

Inspiring Fitness and Activity

Posted by: Asa Don Brown on January 10, 2014 4:00 pm

“Great changes may not happen right away, but with effort even the difficult may become easy.”
~ Bill Blackman

If you have a desire to inspire another, first be inspired yourself.  Inspiration can only occur if you understand what it is to be inspired.  The process of inspiring others, is frequently the messages we receive from our religious, political, and motivational leaders at the beginning of a new year.  The messages are often reminders of our abilities to be renewed.  In fact, if you consider the United States President’s, State of the Union, it is almost always placed at the beginning of a new year.  Why?  It is a way of implying that we can begin again and anew.

NEW YEAR’S RESOLUTIONS

The tradition of setting a New Year’s resolution dates back nearly 4,000 years ago. “The ancient Babylonians made promises to their gods at the start of each year, which began in mid-March, that they would return borrowed objects and pay their debts.  March was a logical time period for the New Year because spring begins and crops are planted.  But the Babylonians had a greater motivation to stick to their promises than what we have today, because for the ancient people of Mesopotamia, keeping their promise would mean that their gods would bestow their grace on them throughout the course of the following twelve months, and breaking them would put them out of favor.” (Holloway, 2013, Online)

New Year’s Resolutions are frequently battered with physical intentions.  Acknowledgment of one’s physical and psychological limitations is a way of expressing we have room for improvement, without declaring that “I have need for improvement.”  As a society, we typically shy away from expressing such limitations or needs, because of the stigmas associated with limitations or expressed weaknesses.

WEAKNESSES AND LIMITATIONS

A weakness or limitations is good.   Acknowledgement of a weakness or limitation is the recognition that you, or we, have an ability to improve or make a marked change in our lives.  It is when something is clearly noticeable or evident that people recognize our desire for improvement.

The avoidance of our limitations and weaknesses stems from our fear of failure.  The fear of failure is limiting, smothering our very ability to breath and function.  If we live our lives fearing the possibility of failure, then we are not living life to it’s fullest.   Fear is frequently the catalyst that drives people away from pursuing their ambitions, goals, desires, and life’s callings

“Fear stifles our thinking and actions. It creates indecisiveness that results in stagnation. I have known talented people who procrastinate indefinitely rather than risk failure. Lost opportunities cause erosion of confidence, and the downward spiral begins.”
~ Charles F. Stanley

It is crucial that we recognize that our weaknesses, limitations and failures are nothing more than  guide maps indicating our current positions within life.  We should continuously seek to be our absolute best.  Even if, there is a barrier blocking our pathway, find a way around it or through it. Fundamentally, we are the only rulers and narrators of our lives.  No one else can determine how we live our lives.

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*The views expressed by our authors are personal opinions and do not necessarily reflect the views of the CCPA

My Christmas Wish

Posted by: Linda AK Thompson on December 20, 2013 10:43 am

Psychotraumatology in Canada

Today is Friday the 13th and there are 12 days before Christmas.  The lyrics in my Christmas song would reveal that I know, at my core, every day, what my true love gives to me.  The classic novella and movie by Charles Dickens  – A Christmas Carol (1843) demonstrates that it is never too late to revisit one’s ways; the past, present and future to change the direction and focus in life.

Sometimes, its a child’s question, like Virginia O’Hanlon, who wrote a letter at Christmastime in 1857, that was answered and is now a famous newspaper editorial:  “Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus” http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yes,_Virginia,_there_is_a_Santa_Claus that has further inspired others to build upon that child’s question to create more goodness for others to benefit from.

The fall and winter seasons and traditional family life celebrations; the going “home” ceremonies and rituals of Thanksgiving and Christmas, can be highly charged, intensely emotional and difficult times for heroic survivors of domestic, relational violence – abuses.  Trauma vortex containers and symptom categories form the basis of the diagnostic criteria inherent in Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder [C-PTSD][2][3], which receives little public press.  We are just starting to pay close attention to the military stories of war veterans, who stories hit the National News scene, especially when their death is tragic, i.e. Suicide.  But, what about all those heroic surviving women and children, who contain and endure their own secret war stories that occur behind-closed doors? These are the people who inspire me and my Christmas wish is that our country, our government, perhaps Alberta, will rise to the occasion and establish a C-PTSD Centre to attend and offer hope to cure their war wounds.

I first heard the term sunset clients during my training process towards certification in Self-Regulation Therapy [SRT: 2002-2004] at the CFTRE http://cftre.com.  My instructor, Dr. E. Josephs referred to one client, I presenting for consultation, as a “sunset client.”  The inference was that our client/therapist relationship would exist until one person’s final sunset – implying demise – death.  This idea is too morbid for this helping professional to accept.  Critical ‘choice points’ require critical thinking and intensive care planning.  We provide this type of care for life-threatening, physical obstructing malignancies [matter], and we ought to provide the same kind of attention for “psychic” obstructing malignancies [mind].

Being the eternal optimist that I am at my core, I struggled/continue to struggle with this “sunset client” concept which implies an open-ended, therapeutic traumatic stress treatment contract for clients presenting with a trauma vortex “core” containers to infamy.  This “till death we do part” is a ridiculous implied condition that is impractical, illogical and not feasible on so many levels, for so many reasons.

This degree of pessimism runs contrary to my core beliefs, moral compass and guiding practice principles established for myself that benefits the client population I serve.  The majority are survivors with C-PTSD with varying degrees of SC profiles.  I am a realist; not a fatalist especially when it comes to the power of faith, hope and love.  I have witnessed miracles cures for both physical and psychic encapsulated malignancies and I want to witness more!

This fall and winter season, a small group of seasoned clients, with 20 – 30 years of therapeutic healing journeys behind them, emerged and I am now face-to-face with the mask of the sunset client.  The field of Psychotraumatology is no longer emerging for the eagles have landed.

There are six, not one, so what is this trauma psychotherapist going to do about that within her small practice reality?

This small group are challenging me with a specific request, primary goal and dream:  final relief, release and freedom or cure from their trauma vortex containers – before death.  They all have endured/relived decades of burden/angst secondary to their C-PTSD diagnosis and unrelenting, destructive and to date, treatment-resistant core, symptom complex [SC].  I refuse to accept or label anyone in this small group of six as sunset clients, and this fact, is the impetus for me to conceptualize, revise the standardized contemporary, traumatic stress treatment program I have adhered since 1995.  During November I drafted the experimental, applied counselling program and the methodology is based upon the presenting and manifesting SC of the client participants – case studies and content analysis.  Each participant requires a highly specialized, individualized, plus collaborative team approach [CTA] model of care to guide their treatment program towards their goal – cure [the same spirit/fight noted in people fighting a battle against cancer].

With the research project proposal drafted, I approached a small group of senior, advanced practitioners I have had the privilege to consult/work with for decades.  I forwarded and they graciously received and willingly reviewed the documents and considered my bid, plight asking for their help, expertise and commitment for the duration of the project – 4 years.  Poof – just like the baseball movie/magic www.wwikipedia.org/wiki/Field_of_Dreams – this project was launched.

I continue to dream and wish for a federally funded, Canadian C-PTSD Centre, however and in the interim, two eagles landed and were launched into the MOT: Silver Linings Core Group Healing [SLCHG], Entry Program and we will all do our best towards the healing cure goal.

Wishing you and yours the best during the holiday season and I look forward to sharing our project news, progress in upcoming articles.

Author:  Dr. Linda AK Thompson, PsyD, PACCC, CCC, FAAETS
Owner, Matrix of Trauma (© MOT ™):  Research, Advocacy, Healing

References:

Courtois, C.A. (1999).  Recollections of Sexual Abuse: treatment principles and guidelines. New York: WW. Norton & Co. Inc.

Herman, J. L. (1992).  Trauma and Recovery: the aftermath of violence – from domestic abuse to political terror.   New York:  Basic Books.

Pelcovitz, D.; van der Kolk, B.A.; Roth, S.; Mandel, F.S.; Kaplan, S. + Resick, P.A. (1997).  Development of a Criteria Set and a Structured Interview for Disorders of Extreme Stress [SIDES].  Journal of Traumatic Stress, 10, p.9. Copyright 1997 by the Internationa Society for Truamatic Stress Studies.  Printed with permission pg. 88 in Courtois.

Thompson, L.A.K. (2013 – 2017).  MOT: Pilot Project – Silver Linings Core Group Healing [SLCHG].  An experimental, applied trauma psychotherapy, C-PTSD visionary traumatic stress treatment program.  The formation of collaborating team approaches [CTA] of care with “core” practitioners.  The small group, case studies utilizing content analysis of the six participants seeking “pychic” encapsulated, malignant, trauma-generated, core wound cures.

 




*The views expressed by our authors are personal opinions and do not necessarily reflect the views of the CCPA

Expressive Love

Posted by: Asa Don Brown on December 20, 2013 10:33 am

“Where love rules, there is no will to power, and where power predominates, love is lacking.  The one is the shadow of the other.”
~ Carl Gustav Jung

Love is an intense emotion expressed through a natural instinctive state of mind, which is derived from the heart, mind, and spirit.  As parents, we are the first impression and expression that our children will experience love.  It is through our love that children learn how to express and experience love. If we fail to express appropriate forms of affection, then we will most assuredly leave our children seeking out love. If we fail to express appropriate forms of affection, then our children will be left to seek love from other sources. This can lead to a lifetime of unfulfilled emotion, not only for our own children but also for subsequent generations.

Many religions speak of an expressive love.  While each religion, and the subsets within those religions hold to a similar concept of love; it is not uncommon that religious subsets differ on their unique perspective of love.  Most religious ideological perspectives revere the expression of love.  In the New International Version of the Christian Bible, it expresses love as being an unconditional state. “Love is patient, love is kind. It does not envy, it does not boast, it is not proud.  It does not dishonor others, it is not self-seeking, it is not easily angered, it keeps no record of wrongs.  Love does not delight in evil but rejoices with the truth. It always protects, always trusts, always hopes, always perseveres.  Love never fails.”  What are we speaking of if love never can fail according to the Christian text?

In the Muslim faith, love between a couple is highly regarded.  In the Quran, love is discussed as being a creation.  Chapter (30) sūrat l-rūm (The Romans), Muhammad Sarwar “His creating spouses for you out of yourselves so that you might take comfort in them and His creating love and mercy among you.”   Love is the unifying of the hearts, souls, and minds of others together.

The absence of love in many homes has become so commonplace, that when we hear of this absence, we are neither distressed nor bewildered by the lack of love in a home. The anomaly has become a loving family that shares affection in appropriate and healthy ways. So unusual is the healthy expression of love, that it has become mocked and an object of derision within most cultures. Rather than embrace and celebrate the love of a family, it is the punch line of jokes, or even worse, it is eyed with suspicion and mistrust. The lack of love is common place and accepted while healthy, loving expression is eyed with contempt.

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*The views expressed by our authors are personal opinions and do not necessarily reflect the views of the CCPA

Using Social Media in Career Services – Thumbs up or down?

Posted by: Dawn Schell on December 11, 2013 2:11 pm

The British Journal of Guidance and Counselling recently published an article[1] reporting the outcomes of a study conducted by the Finnish Institute for Educational Research.  This study looked at how career practitioners view the use of social media in career services.

As the authors state, “The use of social media in career-related activities has increased dramatically in recent years, leading the career service sector to acknowledge the need to expand its understanding of new technologies and to modernise its services. Several researchers have emphasised that it is important that career practitioners gain competence and confidence in existing and emerging technologies in order to consider their usefulness and potential for clients…”

While it may seem obvious that we need to “gain competence and confidence” in new technologies in order to better serve our clients it is clear that how we perceive the usefulness of those technologies will impact our willingness and ability to learn about them.  This article was a salutary reminder to me to take into consideration others’ perceptions of the usefulness of these tools when I am expounding the delights of using a variety of social media in career counselling.

The analysis of the data collected in the Finnish study revealed five categories, which I found illuminating.

Social media is unnecessary having little or no importance or relevance to career services

Social media is dispensable – question its role or necessity

Social media is a possibility – potentially useful

Social media is desirable – positive attitude and interest

Social media is indispensible – viewed as an increasingly important way to extend career services

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*The views expressed by our authors are personal opinions and do not necessarily reflect the views of the CCPA